Bio-ORACLE provides 26 physical, chemical, biological and topographic marine data layers, with global coverage, uniform grid system, at a spatial resolution of 0.05 degrees, and a temporal resolution of 10 decadal steps, from 2000 to 2100.

• 19 essential physical, chemical and biological variables, presented as 6 statistics* for surface and benthic** conditions, under present-day conditions and the SSP1-1.9, SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, SSP4-6.0 and SSP5-8.5 scenarios;
• 7 topographic layers (including bathymetric and rugosity profiles of the seabed).

* the average, maximum and minimum records of a given decade, long-term average of the yearly maxima and minima of a given decade (e.g., the average temperature of the warmest month in the period 2000-2010), and range, which represents the average absolute difference between the maximum and minimum records per year.

** because focal cells at 0.05 degree resolution comprise a wide range of depth values, the benthic layers were developed for the minimum, average and maximum depth within focal cells.

All layers are archived as NetCDF (network Common Data Form) and deposited into an ERDDAP server to facilitate filtering and downloading of the layers in common data formats. Additionally, Python (pyo_oracle) and R (biooracler) packages were developed for facilitated data retrieval and improved integration in available frameworks of bioclimatic modelling. Such packages act as clients for ERDDAP’s REST API, an interoperable web protocol for data transfer, and thus can be used for integration into most generic web-based applications.